2.
   2024
/  
 : -
(  )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.         ?     
 ?
2. 
       ?     10
-
3.       '   
4.         :
(1)  
(2)       
(3)  
2.
-
5.       ?    10
6.       '  :
(1)  
(2)      
(3)   
-
7.              
    
8.       '  :
(1)   
(2)    
(3)   
2.
   2024
/  
 : -
(  )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.         ?     
 ?
:          
 
         ,  
    
                  
     
        
       -    ' ,   
  
    
8
 12
            
       ,         
       ,  ,    
  
2.
        -   ,    
              
 
 -  ,     
      ?
    '     ,     ':

 (    )
               :


   
      
  ,    - 
   , ,   -       
       
       
            
1.    
                
   :

    
      
            
   
2.
2. -- 
    ,        -     '
    -     ,       '
     

     ,       ,        
 
3.    
             ,  :





     ,          
4.    
      :
    
     
  ()    
   '   ,    ,      
 
 
5.  
               
  :

 
2.
 
                
6.   
       '          
          '  ,     '
7.    ' 
      
    :
   
 - 
-   
      
,       
 
    
     
:
         
 
        
            
 ,              
  
 

 ,          '     '
              - 
 ,   '  -   ,   ,  ,
              
2.
  - ,            
     
2. 
       ?    
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌    :   
 
      ,  
  ,    
              , 
          ,       -
           ,     
 
    '     - ,       
-              
                
:        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
  16
   ,        
   
     ,          '  ,
        
  ,         -   
,   ,     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
      ,  - 
   ,             - 
    
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃    
           :
1.   
     
      
,         
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:             ,
            
2.   
,     ,     
         
        - , ,  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,         ,     
   ,   
  
3.   
      
      ,       
    
  - , , 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       ,      
  
4.   
     
     - ,       
 
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            ,   
   
5.  
     ,   -  
    ,       
󷬗󷬘󷬙󷬚󷬛    
      
 -      ,    
 :
 :  ,  ,    
 :  - ,       
 :     ,   -   
          
2.
 :          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ,           
 
󷊨󷊩   
      
  ?
           
       ,     
       
 ,  
   
     
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,       
 -   
   
      
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸   
      ,         
           ,   ,   
  '              
,       ,     ,     
       
   
       
 -   ,   
              ,
  ,             
-
3.       '   
:      
       -     ,  
                 
  (1556-1605) ,    ,      
              
 
    ,     ,   -
   
2.
      
  ,          ,   
             
            ' ,  
 
   '         
   '         ' - 
,                 
  ,           
    
                
()        , ,   

   -  - ,  , ,    -   
  
2.
        ',       , 
   ,              ,
      
         |
                :
1.    
        -  ,     
        ,  ,     

 
     ,       
   
         , ,       
  
2.    
        ,     
             
       
 
3.      
 , , , ,      
  
       -      
 
        |
          :
  :    -,   ,  
    
 :, ,            

 :     ,       ,    
 ,          
2.
 :       ,    
  
:,          
 
     
               
  :
-          
-       
 -    
-      
        ,    
           |
              
  
 -        
      
     
;       16
 
 ,  ,  ,   ,   
      

  ,            

            
     ,      , 
         ,     
        ,     
  
2.
4.         :
(1)  
(2)       
(3)  
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌-
  ,     ,    
 -   
,              
  ,             
      ,       
                
     
󻖵󻖶󻖷󻖸󻖹󻖽󻖺󻖻󻖼1.  

          
    
     - ,          
    
             

      
 ,       
  
   ,    
        -   ,   
-     
           ' 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               
 ,            ,   
    

     
        

 
      
  -    
     ,       
 
2.
         , 
  
 
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 , "  "       
 -    
       
󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸖󷸕2.       

                 
  ,  ,           ( 
 )   1569  ,            
 ,        

           ,  -
     
        
         -
    
             
  
         ,     , 
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    :  ,       ,    
     ,          

              
  ,    
   
        
  
          
  -  
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
 -  ,        
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 :    ,       '

2.
       :    ,    ,
    '  
  ,      
  -        
      
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸   
      "  " ,      
             ',    
              
  
    
 -  ,      
󽆪󽆫󽆬 
             
     
 ;          

    ,              
      
-
5.       ?   
:    
                

   ,        , , ,   
               

;   ,         -
      
1.   
    ' 16
 19
       
            , -
             
 ,         ,  
,         
2.
  -      ,   , , ,
 , ,   ,          
    
 
2.      
               
, ,           
, , ,       '   
            
    ,     
       ,       

 
3.     
              
 '  ,      :
   
    
-,     
      '    ,     
          ,   -
  
4.     ( )
       '  ,         ,
              
  - , , ,       '

 
,   ,           
      , ,        
2.
          
 
5.    
        
       
  
    :
    ,  
   
   
         
       ,    ,   
      
6.      
           
        
, , ,          
 
 ,        
 
          
 
7.     
        
       

, , , , ,      '   
     -  ,        

      
          
2.
8.    - 
     ,           

  , -      
    '   ,  ' 
       
       '    
9.     
   ,         
 ,  :
 
  
  
  
    
              
10.     
         :
-     
-   
-       (     )
  -     
-    
  ,         

  ,              , ,
      
    ,  , 
           
     
2.
,             
  ,              ,
        
6.       '  :
(1)  
(2)      
(3)   
:󷙣󷙤󷙥1.  
  
   ,      
 -         
         ,         
""  "",      '     
   ,      ,        
                 
           
 
           
    
           ,    
 ,                
   (
 )  ,        

    
  
 ,       ,        
  , 
            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
           
 
   ,           
          ,        
2.
             -     
      

             
   
      
 -  
  
         
 , 
    
     '   
󷯚󷯛󷯜󷯝󷯞󷯟󷯠󷯡󷯢󷯣2.      
 
      ,            
                
,   ,          ,   
   ,    ,         
      ,   ,       ' 
       ,        
              
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    :     ,   ,      '
             
 
    ,            
        ,    ,   '
    ,      -   ,  
    
               
 
 
     
 
 ,       
  
      ,     
   
 
2.
  ,              
  ,    '            
        ,    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
             
 :
       ,      
        
        

-    
    ,         
   
    ,       
           ,      
           -   ,
          
-
7.              
    
:            ,  
   ,            
 ""        ,        
      , ,      , 
         ,     
 
   
      17
 19
      
     '              
-   '       ,       
           
    
      
2.
     ,         ,   
,                
     
     (-)
       
        , 
    :
1.  
              
,     ,  
 
     
     
2. 
  
 
 
 
   
3.  
          
 
  
 
     
   ,     ,       
     
2.
      ,          
           
1. -  
              , , 
            
    
2.    
:
 


   ,   ,    - 
 
3.   -
  -     
   - , , ,
,     -           

4.   
    
        :
 
 
  
 
 ( )       
      
            
 :
1.     
2.
       ,         
     
2.    
 ,      '   -   
   
3.    
,   ,          -  -
     
4.   
, ,              
 
5.    
                 
  
6.     
    
 , -         

7.  
       ,   -  , 
       
  
             :
        
     
      
          ,     
   
2.

                
      ,  ,    
  
,           '  
 , ,     
 ,      
       
,  ,   
      
8.       '  :
(1)   
(2)    
(3)   
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌-
                 
               ,   
  ,          -    
    -          , 
         
󹱣󹱤1.   
  
"  "    
         , 
       
        ,
                   
       ,          
  
 -           
 
  ,    ,   ,    
         
       -    ,    ,  
     
2.
     ,   '    ,  
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             ,    
  ,              
      
   
             
        
 ,              
 

      
 -       

 
 
             , 
  
     
 ,           
 
󷨰󷨱󷨲󷨳󷨴󷨵2.    
 
                 

       
         
     '            
 ,        ,     ,  
   
        -       , 
     
        

'       ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    : ,    ,         
            ,   
 
2.
  ,       ,   ,  
,        
  ,        ,      
       -    ,    ,
    
 
           
     
 ,       
 '   
    (  )        
 
 
 ,         
 ,    
     
      
  ,        ,    
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
              
   :
  :    ,         
      ,     ,  
     
   :      ,     

       
        
     
󽆪󽆫󽆬 
       :
      (  ),  
    
    
     ( ) ,   
    
     
  ,    
         
 -
 ,           
2.
"              
 
       ,       
 "